1. Disorders of the skin

2. Disorders of the joints

3. Disorders of the bones

4. Disorders of the nerves

5. Combined disorders

6. Genetic disorders

7. Specific manifestations of systemic disease

Disorders of the skins:

• Athlete’s foot: A disease caused due to fungal infection also called tinea pedis. The infection can mitigate to other areas of  the body.
• Callus and Corns of the Skin: A toughened area of  the skin formed due to high wear and tear and friction which helps in the protection of tissues inside it.
• Onychocryptosis (Ingrown Toenail): A very painful condition usually seen in the toe nail in which the nail cuts into one or both the sides of the nail bed.
• Keratosis palmaris et plantaris: formation of thick ,scaly and hard patches of skin.

Disorders of the joint:

• Hallux valgus (bunion): It is a structural deformity of  the bones ,the surrounding tissues and the joint connecting the foot with the big toe which can be very painful.The surrounding tissues may be swollen and the big toe nail may turn to the second toe nail.
• Hallux varus: t is caused due to the deformity of the great toe joint.
• Diabetic Arthropathy (Charcot Foot): It is caused due to the degeneration of the weight bearing joint causing bone and tissue damage and excess pain.
• Rheumatoid arthritis: An inflamatory disorder attacking  the jointswhich produces an inflammatory synovitis.
• Osteoarthritis: It is a degenerative disease causing the degeneration of the joints.

There are many different factors that can cause arch pain. A structural imbalance or an injury to the foot can often be the direct cause. If the arch pain is related to over pronation (flat feet) then an orthotic (corrective insole) may be the best solution. The plantar fascia is a broad band of fibrous tissue located along the bottom surface of the foot that runs from the heel to the forefoot. Excessive stretching of the plantar fascia, usually due to over-pronation (flat feet), causes plantar fasciitis. The other common factor for cause of arch pain is tarsal tunnel syndrome which is a pinch nerve at the ankle that refers pain to the arch. Other possible causes of arch pain include nerve damage to the surrounding tissues or because of the presence of arthritis in the foot joints. There can be osteoarthritis of the joints in the mid foot that can cause arch pain.

This is a common foot condition that can be easily treated. The orthotic should have good arch support and medial heel posting. Immediate treatment should include the use of cooling items such as ice packs or gels, which can help to soothe the area and reduce any swelling that may occur. Try to choose footwear with a reasonable heel, soft leather uppers, shock absorbing soles and removable foot insoles. This type of orthotic will control over-pronation, support the arch and provide the necessary relief. If the condition recurs frequently or is due to anything other than injury, it may be worthwhile modifying activities and behavior by allowing for periods of more rest during the day. Feet should be elevated when possible to allow for excess fluids to drain away therefore preventing swelling.

Early in the treatment of arch pain, consideration needs to be given to the cause and strategies put in place to prevent it happening again. Advice should be sought on the adequacy of footwear. Protecting the foot from further injury and pain is extremely important in the management of this condition. Foot orthoses should be used if structural imbalances are present. The pain exists to tell us something is wrong and should not be ignored, in order to seek professional advice and treatment of alternative conditions. Feet swell about 5% over the course of a day and are largest at the end of the day, so go shopping for footwear near the end of the day to prevent your arch pain.